实用心脑肺血管病杂志

前沿进展

心房颤动危险因素的研究进展

张晨,及金宝,林兴喜

201800上海市嘉定区江桥镇社区卫生服务中心

 

 

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2019.05.002

张晨,及金宝,林兴喜.心房颤动危险因素的研究进展[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2019,27(5):5-8.[www.syxnf.net]

ZHANG C,JI J B,LIN X X.Research progress on risk factors of atrial fibrillation[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2019,27(5):5-8.

 

  心房颤动(atrial fibrillation)是临床上较为常见的心律失常类型之一[1]。据统计,西方国家20岁以上成年人心房颤动发病率约为3%;据估测,2030年欧洲将有1 400万~1 700万例心房颤动患者[2]。2004年调查数据显示,我国30~85岁居民心房颤动患病率约为0.77%,其中>80岁人群患病率高达30%以上[3]。近年来随着我国人口老龄化进程加剧、心血管疾病患者数量增多及居民生活方式改变,心房颤动患病率呈现持续增长趋势,已受到临床高度关注。心房颤动的发生发展与多种因素有关,其中年龄、性别、种族和遗传易感性等是不可干预的危险因素,而冠心病、高血压、心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)、肥胖、糖尿病、心肺功能、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)、吸烟、饮酒等是可干预的危险因素[4]。早期干预心房颤动危险因素不仅可以预防或逆转心房重构、延缓疾病进展,还可降低心血管不良事件发生风险。笔者通过检索国内外相关文献,旨在综述心房颤动的危险因素,为早期预防及有效管理心房颤动提供一定参考依据。

1 不可干预的危险因素

1.1 年龄 年龄是心房颤动的独立影响因素。美国一项调查研究显示,50~59岁人群心房颤动发病率为0.5%,60~69岁人群为1.8%,70~79岁人群为4.8%,80~89岁人群为8.8%,提示随着年龄增长心房颤动发病率不断升高[5]

1.2 性别 Framingham 38年随访研究结果显示,男性心房颤动患病率是女性的1~5倍[5]。龚艳君等[6]研究结果显示,男性心房颤动发病率略高于女性。FEINBERG等[7]研究结果显示,年龄<75岁的男性心房颤动患者数量多于女性,但年龄75岁的男性心房颤动患者数量少于女性,提示性别对心房颤动的影响与年龄有关,究其原因主要与老年女性雌激素水平下降、自主神经功能紊乱有关。

1.3 遗传因素 既往研究表明,孤立性心房颤动(lone atrial fibrillation,LAF)患者亲属心律失常发病风险高于无LAF者[8]。OLESEN等[9]通过对192例年龄<40岁的LAF患者进行DNA基因组筛选发现,与心房颤动相关的基因中8%的等位基因发生遗传变异,且在遗传变异患者中21%有1个或多个罹患心房颤动的一级家庭成员。上述研究表明,心房颤动患者存在遗传易感性,可能与参与电信号传导的基因经遗传变异后干扰电子通路有关[10]。因此,遗传易感性可能成为防治心房颤动的新方向。

2 可干预的危险因素

2.1 高血压 高血压是心房颤动的主要危险因素之一。既往研究表明,心房颤动患者高血压患病率为49%~90%[11]。Framingham心脏研究结果显示,Ⅱ~Ⅳ期高血压〔收缩压>160 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),舒张压>95 mm Hg〕与心房颤动的发生有关,此外临界高血压(收缩压120~139 mm Hg或舒张压80~90 mm Hg)也可增加心房颤动发病风险[5]。女性健康倡议(Women's Health Initiative,WHI)观察性研究[12]结果显示,罹患高血压的绝经后女性心房颤动患病率高于未罹患高血压的绝经后女性。VERMOND等[13]研究发现,服用降压药物人群心房颤动患病率是未服用降压药物人群的2倍及以上,且收缩压每增加10 mm Hg则心房颤动发病风险增加1.11倍。上述研究表明,高血压是心房颤动的危险因素,应引起临床重视。

  DAHLÖF等[14]在比较氯沙坦与阿替洛尔降压效果时发现,与阿替洛尔相比,氯沙坦能更有效地降低心血管疾病发病率及病死率,其中包括心房颤动[15]。一项巢式病例对照研究发现,与β-受体阻滞剂或利尿剂相比,接受血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)治疗的高血压患者新发心房颤动者所占比例较低[16]。上述研究提示采用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)或ARB类降压药物可能有效降低心房颤动发病风险。

2.2 HF HF是心房颤动的重要危险因素之一,其可使心房颤动发病风险增加2~3倍[17],但近年来随着医疗技术不断进步,由HF引起的心房颤动患者数量明显下降[18-19]。临床上,HF和心房颤动常共存且关系复杂,二者许多诱因和病理生理途径相同,且合并HF的心房颤动患者预后更差[20-21]

2.3 冠心病 冠心病是心房颤动的危险因素。CHAMBERLAIN等[22]发现,心肌梗死患者心房颤动发病风险较健康对照者增加3.6倍,此外心肌梗死病史还是老年心房颤动的重要预测因子。WEIJS等[23]研究结果显示,在平均年龄为55岁的首诊心房颤动患者中亚临床冠状动脉疾病(coronary artery disease,CAD)患者所占比例较高,且合并亚临床CAD的心房颤动患者致死性心血管事件发生率较高。

2.4 肥胖 近年越来越多的证据表明,肥胖是心房颤动的独立危险因素。ARIC研究结果显示,心房颤动患者中超重和肥胖(BMI25 kg/m2)者所占比例约为18%[19]。KARASOY等[24]研究表明,肥胖不仅是绝经期女性发生心房颤动的危险因素,还与非绝经期女性发生心房颤动有关。Framingham心脏研究结果显示,体质指数(BMI)每增加1 kg/m2则心房颤动发病风险增加4%[5]。近期一项Meta分析结果显示,BMI每增加5 kg/m2则心房颤动发病风险增加约29%,心房颤动术后及射频消融术后复发风险分别增加10%、13%[25]。上述研究表明,肥胖与心房颤动的发生有关。因此,肥胖尤其是伴有心房颤动的肥胖人群应增加体育锻炼、科学控制饮食,以有效管理体质量,而BMI下降又会促进窦性心律维持,进而预防及缓解心房颤动[26]

2.5 糖尿病 糖尿病和高糖血症是心房颤动的重要危险因素。ARIC研究[19]结果显示,糖尿病和血糖控制不佳患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平升高,而HbA1c水平升高又与心房颤动发病风险增加独立相关。一项病例对照研究结果显示,血糖控制不佳和糖尿病病程与心房颤动的发生有关[27]。一项Meta结果显示,糖尿病患者心房颤动发病风险较非糖尿病患者增加39%[28]。DU等[29]研究结果显示,糖尿病可使心房颤动患者死亡风险增加约61%。上述研究表明,糖尿病与心房颤动的发生密切相关,但糖尿病引发心房颤动的病理生理机制复杂且尚未完全明确,仍有待进一步研究证实。

2.6 心肺功能 一项大型队列研究结果显示,心肺功能与心房颤动发病率呈负相关,特别是肥胖者,运动试验中每增加1个代谢当量则心房颤动发病风险降低7%[30]。瑞典一项针对中老年女性的队列研究结果显示,随着运动量增加,心房颤动发病风险随之降低,但运动量与心房颤动发病率之间不是呈线性相关,而是呈“U”形相关[31],即中等强度运动量者心房颤动发生率低于高强度运动量或不运动者[32]。目前,运动量与心房颤动发病率间尚未建立确切的剂量-反应关系,但有研究表明,中等强度运动(运动时间>220 min/周或>8个代谢当量/周)者心房颤动发病风险较低,而高强度运动和耐力训练可能增加心房颤动发病风险[33-34]。因此,建议心房颤动高危人群进行150~200 min/周中等强度运动。

2.7 OSAS OSAS是新发现的心房颤动危险因素。OSAS是一种临床常见病,调查数据显示,男性和肥胖人群OSAS患病率较高,而年龄增长和BMI增加也与OSAS有关[35]。既往研究表明,心房颤动患者OSAS患病率约为50%甚至更高[36],提示OSAS是心房颤动的危险因素。因此,针对心房颤动尤其是伴有肥胖及高血压的心房颤动患者,筛查OSAS非常重要[37]

2.8 吸烟 吸烟是否为心房颤动的危险因素尚存在争议。一项队列研究表明,吸烟会增加心房颤动发病风险[38];而KNUIMAN等[39]研究表明,吸烟与心房颤动的发生无关。ARIC研究[38]结果显示,吸烟占心房颤动发病因素的10%,且吸烟量与心房颤动发病率之间可能存在剂量-反应关系,即吸烟时间越长及每天吸烟次数越多者心房颤动发病风险越高。吸烟与心房颤动的关系尚未完全明确,但临床仍建议心房颤动患者及心房颤动高危人群戒烟。

2.9 饮酒 Framingham心脏研究结果表明,大量饮酒(>36 g/d或>3杯/d)可增加心房颤动发病风险[40]。瑞典一项前瞻性队列研究结果显示,摄入少量酒精与心房颤动发病风险增加有关[41]。此外,一项Meta分析结果显示,酒精摄入量与心房颤动发病风险之间存在线性剂量-反应关系,与不饮酒者相比,每日饮用少量酒精者心房颤动发病风险增加8%[42]。上述研究表明,饮酒是心房颤动的危险因素,饮酒量越大则心房颤动发病风险越高。

3 小结

  近年来心房颤动发病率不断升高,其已逐渐成为21世纪新的“心血管流行病”。心房颤动发病机制复杂,危险因素较多,而早期发现并及时干预其危险因素可有效改善心房颤动患者预后。近年来随着优质医疗资源下沉,社区卫生服务中心在疾病预防及治疗方面的作用越来越凸显。针对心房颤动患者,社区卫生服务中心应积极开展健康教育,帮助其改变不良生活习惯及有效管理危险因素,争取最大限度地降低心房颤动的危害,改善患者生活质量。

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(收稿日期:2019-01-15;修回日期:2019-05-20)

(本文编辑:谢武英)

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