实用心脑肺血管病杂志

前沿进展

前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶9抑制剂的研究进展

 

牛亚芊芊1,郭丹杰2

1.010059内蒙古呼和浩特市,内蒙古医科大学附属医院

2.100044北京市,北京大学人民医院

通信作者:郭丹杰

 

牛亚芊芊,郭丹杰.前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶9抑制剂的研究进展[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2018,26(12):6-11.

 

NIU Y Q Q,GUO D J.Progress on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2018,26(12):6-11.

 

  前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)是一种由肝细胞分泌、在低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor,LDLR)循环利用中具有关键作用的蛋白酶。近年来研究发现,PCSK9可作为降脂的新靶点[1]。PCSK9抑制剂是一类以PCSK9为作用靶点、以降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平为主的强效降脂药物,也是继他汀类药物之后对抗LDL-C新的药物。笔者通过检索国内外相关文献,综述了PCSK9的作用机制及PCSK9抑制剂治疗效果、指南推荐意见、安全性,旨在提高临床医生对PCSK9抑制剂的认识。

 

1 PCSK9的作用机制

  2003年,ABIFADEL等[2]研究发现,常染色体显性遗传家族性高胆固醇血症(familial hypercholesterolemia,FH)患者家系中除已知编码LDLR及载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B,APOB)基因外,还存在第3种基因,该基因功能获得性突变可导致FH。之后研究发现,上述第3种基因位于第1号染色体短臂第3区2号带(1p32)[3],可编码神经元凋亡调节转化酶1型(neural apoptosis-regulated convertase type 1,NARC1),由于其为前蛋白转化酶家族中第9号成员,故被称为PCSK9,主要由肝脏、小肠、肾脏及神经系统表达[4]

  PCSK9是一种调节LDLR降解的蛋白酶,而LDLR是一种由肝细胞表达并通过胞饮作用调节血浆胆固醇水平的细胞表面糖蛋白。ABIFADEL等[2]研究首次证实,PCSK9对LDL-C水平具有调节作用。之后CAMERON等[5]研究结果显示,与野生型PCSK9相比,功能获得突变型PCSK9可导致细胞表面LDLR减少23%、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)颗粒细胞内化作用减少38%。绝大多数PCSK9由肝脏合成及分泌,而血浆中PCSK9可与肝细胞表面LDLR结合,形成的PCSK9/LDLR复合物经内吞作用转移至细胞内可直接由溶酶体降解,进而抑制LDLR循环表达于细胞表面及摄取LDL-C的过程。分子生物学研究表明,在缺少或单克隆抗体封闭PCKS9的情况下,LDLR可迅速循环表达于肝细胞表面,并通过细胞吞噬作用而降低血浆LDL水平(见图1A);PCSK9协同LDL-C/LDLR小分子复合物进入细胞内进行溶酶体降解,进而使可移除血浆LDL-C的LDLR水平降低(见图1B)[1]。因此,血浆中高水平/高功能PCSK9通过与LDLR结合、促进溶酶体降解等方式而减少LDLR于肝细胞表面表达,进而导致血浆LDL-C水平升高;反之,低水平/低功能PCSK9可导致血浆LDL-C水平降低。

2 PCSK9抑制剂治疗效果

  目前,以PCSK9为靶点的降脂药物及抑制细胞外PCSK9表达方法〔如单克隆抗体、疫苗及小分子蛋白抑制剂(肽/琥珀酸胆碱)〕或抑制细胞内PCSK9表达方法(如反转录寡核苷酸及小分子干扰RNA)均称为PCSK9抑制剂[6-10]。基于PCSK9作用机制,PCSK9抑制剂已成为降脂治疗的一种新选择。多项Ⅲ期临床试验结果显示,PCSK9抑制剂单独使用或与他汀类药物和/或依折麦布联合使用均可使超过60%的患者LDL-C<70 mg/dl;此外,还可使LDL-C控制不佳、他汀类药物不耐受或杂合子家族性高胆固醇血症(HeFH)患者血浆LDL-C水平达标[11-25]。另有研究显示,PCSK9抑制剂可使具有致动脉粥样硬化作用的脂蛋白a水平降低20%~30%,但具体机制尚不明确[26];PCSK9抑制剂单独使用或与他汀类药物和/或依折麦布联合使用可使LDL-C水平降低50%~70%[27-29]

  目前,PCSK9抑制剂中单克隆抗体发展较好,临床常见的有Evolocumab、Alirocumab及Bococizumab,其中Evolocumab及Alirocumab为完全人源化抗体,均于2015年被美国食品药品管理局及欧洲医疗机构批准上市[30];Bococizumab为部分抗体。

2.1 Evolocumab FOURIER研究[31]是首个评价Evolocumab疗效及远期预后的随机双盲对照研究,共纳入27 564例LDL-C70 mg/dl并接受他汀类药物和/或依折麦布治疗的动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)患者,中位随访时间为2.2年,结果显示,Evolocumab治疗组患者LDL-C降低59%(2.4 mmol/L降至0.78 mmol/L),主要不良心血管事件相对风险降低11.3%、绝对风险降低15%,主要临床获益为非致命事件(包括心肌梗死及冠状动脉再血管化)减少,但主要临床获益与年龄、性别及ASCVD类型(包括有心肌梗死病史的冠心病、缺血性脑卒中及症状性外周动脉粥样硬化患者)有关;除注射部位有过敏反应外,Evolocumab所致不良反应与对照组间无统计学差异。另有研究结果显示,与安慰剂组比较,伴或不伴糖尿病患者采用Evolocumab治疗后血浆LDL-C水平分别降低60%、66%,血浆脂蛋白a水平分别降低31%、29%[32-33]。目前,Evolocumab有两种用药方案,每两周140 mg(单独注射笔)皮下注射和每月420 mg(3支单独注射笔)皮下注射,上述两种用药方案均可使LDL-C水平降低约60%[12-13,23]

2.2 Alirocumab ODYSSEY outcomes研究[34]是评价Alirocumab对血管事件风险、远期预后影响的大样本量研究,共纳入18 924例接受最大耐受剂量他汀类药物治疗且LDL-C>70 mg/dl的急性冠脉综合征患者,结果显示,Alirocumab治疗组患者心血管主要终点事件发生风险降低15%,全因死亡风险降低15%(绝对风险降低0.6%,P=0.026)。另一项研究结果显示,与安慰剂组比较,伴或不伴糖尿病的心血管高风险患者采用Alirocumab治疗后血浆LDL-C水平分别降低59%、63%[35]。目前,Alirocumab可供选择的用药剂量为75 mg、150 mg,均以单独注射笔皮下注射,1次/2周,其中采用75 mg剂型治疗者LDL-C水平降低约45%,且83%的患者LDL-C水平达标;采用150 mg剂型治疗者LDL-C水平可降低约60%[8-9,11,22]

3 PCSK9抑制剂指南推荐意见

  2016年欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)联合欧洲动脉硬化协会(EAS)制定的《ESC/EAS血脂异常管理指南》(以下简称指南)[36]提出,心血管高风险、可耐受一线或二线最大治疗剂量的HeFH、部分杂合子家族性高胆固醇血症(HoFH)及持续性高LDL-C水平的他汀类药物不耐受患者均为PCSK9抑制剂的最佳适应人群。2017年11月,ESC联合EAS对指南进行了更新[37],更新指南建议符合以下条件的患者可考虑接受PCSK9抑制剂治疗:(1)极高危的ASCVD患者,接受最大耐受剂量他汀类药物联合或不联合依折麦布治疗后,LDL-C水平仍明显高于参考范围;(2)极高危ASCVD患者,因不能耐受3种他汀类药物治疗而使LDL-C水平升高;(3)不伴ASCVD的FH患者,尽管接受最大耐受剂量他汀类药物联合依折麦布治疗后,LDL-C水平仍明显升高,伴高或极高心血管风险。

3.1 极高危ASCVD患者临床决策 指南推荐,针对极高危ASCVD患者,当LDL-C水平>3.6 mmol/L(140 mg/dl)时,无论他汀类药物联合或不联合依折麦布或是否能耐受3种他汀类药物,均建议考虑使用PCSK9抑制剂治疗;对伴有额外增加危险度的患者(如FH、糖尿病、急性进展性ASCVD及严重或广泛动脉粥样硬化患者),指南建议开始PCSK9抑制剂治疗的LDL-C水平临界值为2.6 mmol/L(100 mg/dl),详见图2。

3.2 不伴ASCVD的FH患者临床决策 指南推荐,针对已接受最大耐受剂量他汀类药物联合依折麦布治疗的不伴ASCVD的FH患者,当LDL-C>4.5 mmol/时开始PCSK9抑制剂治疗获益最大;但对伴有额外增加危险度的患者,LDL-C>3.6 mmol/L (140 mg/dl)时开始PCSK9抑制剂治疗,详见图3。

3.3 LDL-C监测 指南建议,监测他汀类药物和/或依折麦布降低LDL-C水平应在起始治疗后4周;起始PCSK9抑制剂治疗前应检验依从性,监测PCSK9抑制剂降低LDL-C水平应于首次注射后2周,详见图4。

4 PCSK9抑制剂安全性

  Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期临床试验均证实,PCSK9抑制剂安全且易耐受,尚未有严重不良反应报道,与他汀类药物相比,其未增加肌肉毒性、注射处瘙痒、鼻咽炎、头痛等不良反应[36]。但有研究结果显示,少数Alirocumab治疗者产生抗药物抗体[38-39]。FOURIER研究[31]结果显示,与对照者相比,采用Evolocumab治疗者新发糖尿病发病风险未增加。一项包含68 123例患者的荟萃分析结果显示,随访78周,与对照者相比,采用PCSK9治疗者空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白升高,但对新发糖尿病发病率无明显影响[40]。一项研究Evolocumab对认知功能影响的多中心随机双盲对照研究通过对1 024例患者平均随访19个月发现,安慰剂组和Evolocumab治疗组患者认知功能损伤发生率间无统计学差异,提示Evolocumab对认知功能无明显影响[41]。另有研究显示,PCSK9可使肝脏及脑组织中LDLR表达增加,脑组织LDLR表达又可通过促进载脂蛋白E(apolipoprotein E,apoE)降解而预防老年痴呆[42]

5 小结

  PCSK9抑制剂具有强效降脂作用,且安全性较高,可作为心血管高风险人群、持续高LDL-C水平及他汀类药物不耐受患者的降脂方案。2018-11-10,《美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会(AHA/ACC)胆固醇临床实践指南》[43]正式发布,该指南对包括PCSK9抑制剂等在内的非他汀类药物在ASCVD防治中的作用给予了肯定和推荐,表明PCSK9抑制剂应用前景较好,但持续性低LDL-C水平影响斑块稳定性及PCSK9抑制剂治疗的个体差异、长期治疗效果、安全性、经济负担等问题尚待进一步研究;此外,由于缺乏亚洲人群研究数据,故PCSK9抑制剂使用剂量是否适用于亚洲人群尚存在争议。

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(收稿日期:2018-11-20;修回日期:2018-12-19)

(本文编辑:谢武英)

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